OOPS Concepts in C# part .1

Hi frds am gathered some material from net.

Hope this will use for u.

What is Software Architecture?

Software Architecture is defined to be the rules, heuristics and patterns governing:

· Partitioning the problem and the system to be built into discrete pieces

· Techniques used to create interfaces between these pieces

· Techniques used to manage overall structure and flow

· Techniques used to interface the system to its environment

· Appropriate use of development and delivery approaches, techniques and tools.

Why Architecture is important?

The primary goal of software architecture is to define the non-functional requirements of a system and define the environment. The detailed design is followed by a definition of how to deliver the functional behavior within the architectural rules. Architecture is important because it:

· Controls complexity

· Enforces best practices

· Gives consistency and uniformity

· Increases predictability

· Enables re-use.

What is OOP?

OOP is a design philosophy. It stands for Object Oriented Programming. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) uses a different set of programming languages than old procedural programming languages (C, Pascal, etc.). Everything in OOP is grouped as self sustainable "objects". Hence, you gain re-usability by means of four main object-oriented programming concepts.

In order to clearly understand the object orientation, let’s take your “hand” as an example. The “hand” is a class. Your body has two objects of type hand, named left hand and right hand. Their main functions are controlled/ managed by a set of electrical signals sent through your shoulders (through an interface). So the shoulder is an interface which your body uses to interact with your hands. The hand is a well architected class. The hand is being re-used to create the left hand and the right hand by slightly changing the properties of it.

What is an Object?

An object can be considered a "thing" that can perform a set of related activities. The set of activities that the object performs defines the object's behavior. For example, the hand can grip something or a Student (object) can give the name or address.

In pure OOP terms an object is an instance of a class.

What is a Class?

A class is simply a representation of a type of object. It is the blueprint/ plan/ template that describe the details of an object. A class is the blueprint from which the individual objects are created. Class is composed of three things: a name, attributes, and operations.

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public class Student

According to the sample given below we can say that the student object, named objectStudent, has created out of the Student class.

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Student objectStudent = new Student();

What is Encapsulation (or information hiding)?

The encapsulation is the inclusion within a program object of all the resources need for the object to function - basically, the methods and the data. In OOP the encapsulation is mainly achieved by creating classes, the classes expose public methods and properties. The class is kind of a container or capsule or a cell, which encapsulate the set of methods, attribute and properties to provide its indented functionalities to other classes. In that sense, encapsulation also allows a class to change its internal implementation without hurting the overall functioning of the system. That idea of encapsulation is to hide how a class does it but to allow requesting what to do.

What is the difference between Association, Aggregation and Composition?

Association is a (*a*) relationship between two classes, where one class use another. But aggregation describes a special type of an association. Aggregation is the (*the*) relationship between two classes. When object of one class has an (*has*) object of another, if second is a part of first (containment relationship) then we called that there is an aggregation between two classes. Unlike association, aggregation always insists a direction.

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public class University

    private Chancellor  universityChancellor = new Chancellor();

In this case I can say that University aggregate Chancellor or University has an (*has-a*) Chancellor. But even without a Chancellor a University can exists. But the Faculties cannot exist without the University, the life time of a Faculty (or Faculties) attached with the life time of the University . If University is disposed the Faculties will not exist. In that case we called that University is composed of Faculties. So that composition can be recognized as a special type of an aggregation.

What is an Abstract class?

Abstract classes, which declared with the abstract keyword, cannot be instantiated. It can only be used as a super-class for other classes that extend the abstract class. Abstract class is the concept and implementation gets completed when it is being realized by a subclass. In addition to this a class can inherit only from one abstract class (but a class may implement many interfaces) and must override all its abstract methods/ properties and may override virtual methods/ properties.

Abstract classes are ideal when implementing frameworks. As an example, let’s study the abstract class named LoggerBase below. Please carefully read the comments as it will help you to understand the reasoning behind this code.

What is an Interface?

In summary the Interface separates the implementation and defines the structure, and this concept is very useful in cases where you need the implementation to be interchangeable. Apart from that an interface is very useful when the implementation changes frequently. Some say you should define all classes in terms of interfaces, but I think recommendation seems a bit extreme.

Interface can be used to define a generic template and then one or more abstract classes to define partial implementations of the interface. Interfaces just specify the method declaration (implicitly public and abstract) and can contain properties (which are also implicitly public and abstract). Interface definition begins with the keyword interface. An interface like that of an abstract class cannot be instantiated.

If a class that implements an interface does not define all the methods of the interface, then it must be declared abstract and the method definitions must be provided by the subclass that extends the abstract class. In addition to this an interfaces can inherit other interfaces.

What is the difference between a Class and an Interface?

In .Net/ C# a class can be defined to implement an interface and also it supports multiple implementations. When a class implements an interface, an object of such class can be encapsulated inside an interface.

If MyLogger is a class, which implements ILogger, there we can write

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ILogger log = new MyLogger();

A class and an interface are two different types (conceptually). Theoretically a class emphasis the idea of encapsulation, while an interface emphasis the idea of abstraction (by suppressing the details of the implementation). The two poses a clear separation from one to another. Therefore it is very difficult or rather impossible to have an effective meaningful comparison between the two, but it is very useful and also meaningful to have a comparison between an interface and an abstract class.

What is the difference between an Interface and an Abstract class?

There are quite a big difference between an interface and an abstract class, even though both look similar.

o Interface definition begins with a keyword interface so it is of type interface

o Abstract classes are declared with the abstract keyword so it is of type class

o Interface has no implementation, but they have to be implemented.

o Abstract class’s methods can have implementations and they have to be extended.

o Interfaces can only have method declaration (implicitly public and abstract) and fields (implicitly public static)

o Abstract class’s methods can’t have implementation only when declared abstract.

o Interface can inherit more than one interfaces

o Abstract class can implement more than one interfaces, but can inherit only one class

o Abstract class must override all abstract method and may override virtual methods

o Interface can be used when the implementation is changing

o Abstract class can be used to provide some default behavior for a base class.

o Interface makes implementation interchangeable

o Interface increase security by hiding the implementation

o Abstract class can be used when implementing framework

o Abstract classes are an excellent way to create planned inheritance hierarchies and also to use as non-leaf classes in class hierarchies.

What is Implicit and Explicit Interface Implementations?

As mentioned before .Net support multiple implementations, the concept of implicit and explicit implementation provide safe way to implement methods of multiple interfaces by hiding, exposing or preserving identities of each of interface methods, even when the method signatures are the same.

Let's consider the interfaces defined below.

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interface IDisposable

    void Dispose();

Here you can see that the class Student has implicitly and explicitly implemented the method named Dispose() via Dispose and IDisposable.Dispose.

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class Student : IDisposable

    public void Dispose()

        Console.WriteLine("Student.Dispose");

    void IDisposable.Dispose()

        Console.WriteLine("IDisposable.Dispose");

What is a Use case?

A use case is a thing an actor perceives from the system. A use case maps actors with functions. Importantly, the actors need not be people. As an example a system can perform the role of an actor, when it communicate with another system.

In another angle a use case encodes a typical user interaction with the system. In particular, it:

· Captures some user-visible function.

· Achieves some concrete goal for the user.

A complete set of use cases largely defines the requirements for your system: everything the user can see, and would like to do. The below diagram contains a set of use cases that describes a simple login module of a gaming website.

What is a Class Diagram?

A class diagrams are widely used to describe the types of objects in a system and their relationships. Class diagrams model class structure and contents using design elements such as classes, packages and objects. Class diagrams describe three different perspectives when designing a system, conceptual, specification, and implementation. These perspectives become evident as the diagram is created and help solidify the design.

The Class diagrams, physical data models, along with the system overview diagram are in my opinion the most important diagrams that suite the current day rapid application development requirements.

UML Notations:

What is a Package Diagram?

Package diagrams are used to reflect the organization of packages and their elements. When used to represent class elements, package diagrams provide a visualization of the name-spaces. In my designs, I use the package diagrams to organize classes in to different modules of the system.

What is a Sequence Diagram?

A sequence diagrams model the flow of logic within a system in a visual manner, it enable both to document and validate your logic, and are used for both analysis and design purposes. Sequence diagrams are the most popular UML artifact for dynamic modeling, which focuses on identifying the behavior within your system.

What is two-tier architecture?

The two-tier architecture is refers to client/ server architectures as well, the term client/ server was first used in the 1980s in reference to personal computers (PCs) on a network. The actual client/ server model started gaining acceptance in the late 1980s, and later it was adapted to World Wide Web programming.

According to the modern days use of two-tier architecture the user interfaces (or with ASP.NET, all web pages) runs on the client and the database is stored on the server. The actual application logic can run on either the client or the server. So in this case the user interfaces are directly access the database. Those can also be non-interface processing engines, which provide solutions to other remote/ local systems. In either case, today the two-tier model is not as reputed as the three-tier model. The advantage of the two-tier design is its simplicity, but the simplicity comes with the cost of scalability. The newer three-tier architecture, which is more famous, introduces a middle tier for the application logic.

What is three-tier architecture?

The three tier software architecture (also known as three layer architectures) emerged in the 1990s to overcome the limitations of the two tier architecture. This architecture has aggressively customized and adopted by modern day system designer to web systems.

Three-tier is a client-server architecture in which the user interface, functional process logic, data storage and data access are developed and maintained as independent modules, some time on separate platforms. The term "three-tier" or "three-layer", as well as the concept of multi-tier architectures (often refers to as three-tier architecture), seems to have originated within Rational Software.

The 3-Tier architecture has the following three tiers.

Presentation Tier or Web Server: User Interface, displaying/ accepting data/ input to/ from the user
Application Logic/ Business Logic/ Transaction Tier or Application Server: Data validation, acceptability check before being added to the database and all other business/ application specific operations
Data Tier or Database server: Simple reading and writing method to database or any other storage, connection, command, stored procedures etc

What is MVC architecture?

The Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture separates the modeling of the domain, the presentation, and the actions based on user input into three separate classes.

Unfortunately, the popularity of this pattern has resulted in a number of faulty usages; each technology (Java, ASP.NET etc) has defined it in their own way making it difficult to understand. In particular, the term "controller" has been used to mean different things in different contexts. The definitions given bellow are the closes possible ones I found for ASP.NET version of MVC.

Model: DataSet and typed DataSet (some times business object, object collection, XML etc) are the most common use of the model.
View: The ASPX and ASCX files generally handle the responsibilities of the view.
Controllers: The handling of events or the controlling is usually done in the code-behind class.

In a complex n-tier distributed system the MVC architecture place the vital role of organizing the presentation tier of the system.

What is SOA?

A service-oriented architecture is essentially a collection of services. These services communicate with each other. The communication can involve either simple data passing or it could involve two or more services coordinating some activity. Some means of connecting services to each other is needed.

The .Net technology introduces the SOA by mean of web services.

The SOA can be used as the concept to connect multiple systems to provide services. It has it's great share in the future of the IT world.

According to the imaginary diagram above, we can see how the Service Oriented Architecture is being used to provide a set of centralized services to the citizens of a country. The citizens are given a unique identifying card, where that card carries all personal information of each citizen. Each service centers such as shopping complex, hospital, station, and factory are equipped with a computer system where that system is connected to a central server, which is responsible of providing service to a city. As an example when a customer enter the shopping complex the regional computer system report it to the central server and obtain information about the customer before providing access to the premises. The system welcomes the customer. The customer finished the shopping and then by the time he leaves the shopping complex, he will be asked to go through a billing process, where the regional computer system will manage the process. The payment will be automatically handled with the input details obtain from the customer identifying card.

The regional system will report to the city (computer system of the city) while the city will report to the country (computer system of the country).

What is the Data Access Layer?

The data access layer (DAL), which is a key part of every n-tier system, is mainly consist of a simple set of code that does basic interactions with the database or any other storage device. These functionalities are often referred to as CRUD (Create, Retrieve, Update, and Delete).

The data access layer need to be generic, simple, quick and efficient as much as possible. It should not include complex application/ business logics.

I have seen systems with lengthy, complex store procedures (SP), which run through several cases before doing a simple retrieval. They contain not only most part of the business logic, but application logic and user interface logic as well. If SP is getting longer and complicated, then it is a good indication that you are burring your business logic inside the data access layer.

What is the Business Logic Layer?

I know for a fact that this is a question for most, but from the other hand by reading many articles I have become aware that not everyone agrees to what business logic actually is, and in many cases it's just the bridge in between the presentation layer and the data access layer with having nothing much, except taking from one and passing to the other. In some other cases, it is not even been well thought out, they just take the leftovers from the presentation layer and the data access layer then put them in another layer which automatically is called the business logic layer. However there are no god said things that cannot be changed in software world. You can change as and when you feel comfortable that the method you apply is flexible enough to support the growth of your system. There are many great ways, but be careful when selecting them, they can over complicating the simple system. It is a balance one needs to find with their experience.

As a general advice when you define business entities, you must decide how to map the data in your tables to correctly defined business entities. The business entities should meaningfully define considering various types of requirements and functioning of your system. It is recommended to identify the business entities to encapsulate the functional/ UI (User Interface) requirements of your application, rather than define a separate business entity for each table of your database. For example, if you want to combine data from couple of table to build a UI (User Interface) control (Web Control), implement that function in the Business Logic Layer with a business object that uses couple of data object to support with your complex business requirement.

What is Gang of Four (GoF) Design Patterns?

The Gang of Four (GoF) patterns are generally considered the foundation for all other patterns. They are categorized in three groups: Creational, Structural, and Behavioral. Here you will find information on these important patterns.

Creational Patterns

o Abstract Factory Creates an instance of several families of classes

o Builder Separates object construction from its representation

o Factory Method Creates an instance of several derived classes

o Prototype A fully initialized instance to be copied or cloned

o Singleton A class of which only a single instance can exist

Structural Patterns

o Adapter Match interfaces of different classes

o Bridge Separates an object’s interface from its implementation

o Composite A tree structure of simple and composite objects

o Decorator Add responsibilities to objects dynamically

o Facade A single class that represents an entire subsystem

o Flyweight A fine-grained instance used for efficient sharing

o Proxy An object representing another object

Behavioral Patterns

o Chain of Resp. A way of passing a request between a chain of objects

o Command Encapsulate a command request as an object

o Interpreter A way to include language elements in a program

o Iterator Sequentially access the elements of a collection

o Mediator Defines simplified communication between classes

o Memento Capture and restore an object's internal state

o Observer A way of notifying change to a number of classes

o State Alter an object's behavior when its state changes

o Strategy Encapsulates an algorithm inside a class

o Template Method Defer the exact steps of an algorithm to a subclass

o Visitor Defines a new operation to a class without change

What is the difference between Abstract Factory and Builder design patterns?

The two design patterns are fundamentally different. However, when you learn them for the first time, you will see a confusing similarity. So that it will make harder for you to understand them. But if you continue to study eventually, you will get afraid of design patterns too. It is like infant phobia, once you get afraid at your early age, it stays with you forever. So the result would be that you never look back at design patterns again. Let me see whether I can solve this brain teaser for you.

In the image below, you have both design pattern listed in. I am trying to compare the two one on one to identify the similarities. If you observe the figure carefully, you will see an easily understandable color pattern (same color is used to mark the classes that are of similar kind).

Please follow up with the numbers in the image when reading the listing below.

Mark #1: Both patterns have used a generic class as the entry-class. The only difference is the name of the class. One pattern has named it as “Client”, while the other named it as “Director”.
Mark #2: Here again the difference is the class name. It is “AbstractFactory” for one and “Builder” for the other. Additionally both classes are of type abstract.
Mark #3: Once again both patterns have defined two generic (WindowsFactory & ConcreteBuilder) classes. They both have created by inheriting their respective abstract class.
Mark #4: Finally, both seem to produce some kind of a generic output.

Now, where are we? Aren’t they looking almost identical? So then why are we having two different patterns here?

Let’s compare the two again side by side for one last time, but this time, focusing on the differences.

· Abstract Factory: Emphasizes a family of product objects (either simple or complex)

· Builder: Focuses on constructing a complex object step by step

· Abstract Factory: Focus on *what* is made

· Builder: Focus on *how* it is made

· Abstract Factory: Focus on defining many different types of *factories* to build many *products*, and it is not a one builder for just one product

· Builder: Focus on building a one complex but one single *product*

· Abstract Factory: Defers the choice of what concrete type of object to make until run time

· Builder: Hide the logic/ operation of how to compile that complex object

· Abstract Factory: *Every* method call creates and returns different objects

· Builder: Only the *last* method call returns the object, while other calls partially build the object

Sometimes creational patterns are complementary: So you can join one or many patterns when you design your system. As an example builder can use one of the other patterns to implement which components get built or in another case Abstract Factory, Builder, and Prototype can use Singleton in their implementations. So the conclusion would be that the two design patterns exist to resolve two type of business problems, so even though they look similar, they are not.

I hope that this shed some light to resolve the puzzle. If you still don’t understand it, then this time it is not you, it has to be me and it is since that I don’t know how to explain it.

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